크메르 제국의 잔재 '앙코르 와트(Angkor Wat) 사원'의 건축 비밀 Angkor Wat: History of Ancient Temple VIDEO

엄청난 양 거대한 돌,
수백 개 운하 통해 운반

 

 

source justwalkedby

 

source livescience.

 

[VIDEO]

1.Ancient Tempel Angkor Wat - Full Documentary
2.Angkor Wat Construction(Animaion)

kcontents

 

캄보디아 밀림지역에서 발견된 앙코르와트는 12세기 크메르족이 지은 거대한 석재 건축물 사원이다. 앙코르와트는 13세기 타이왕국의 침략을 받고 수도가 함락된 크메르왕국이 지금의 프놈펜으로 수도를 옮기면서 밀림 속에 잊혀져 있다가 18세기 프랑스 탐험가에 의해 세상에 알려졌다.   가로 850m, 세로 1050m의 장방형 건축물로 높이가 무려 100m에 이르며, 인공호수로 둘러싸여져 있다.   석재 건축물로는 워낙 규모가 거대하지만 관련 기록이 남아있지 않아 한때 로마인이나 알렉산드로스 대왕의 원정에 참가했던 그리스인의 후예가 건설했을 것이란 추측이 나오기도 했다. 심지어 일부 학자들은 마야나 아스텍 문명이란 주장도 제기하면서 누가 어떻게 이 거대한 건축물을 지었는지 오랜 기간 미스터리로 남아있었다.   이후 연구를 통해 크메르 왕국에 의해 건축된 사실은 밝혀졌으나 엄청난 양의 거대한 돌을 어디서 어떻게 운송해 왔는지는 여전히 수수께끼로 남아 있었는데 이에 대한 의문이 풀렸다.   수백 개의 운하를 통해 운반된 사실이 최근 연구를 통해 새로 밝혀진 것.   건축에 사용된 사암 벽돌은 500만~1000만개에 이르며 벽돌 한 개의 무게가 무려 1,500kg에 이르는 것도 있다. 돌은 사원 인근의 산에 있던 채석장에서 운송됐다.   연구를 이끈 일본 와세다 대학의 에츠오 우치다 교수는 "이번 연구를 통해 앙코르와트 사원을 건축할 당시 사암 벽돌을 공급했던 많은 수의 채석장과 운송루터를 발견했다"고 밝혔다. 캄보디아 앙코르와트 (자료사진)12세기 그메르왕국의 수리아바르만 2세 왕은 당시 수도인 앙코르에 힌두교 신인 비슈누를 섬기기 위해 200만m² 규모의 거대한 사원을 건설했으나 14세기 때 불교 사원으로 바뀌었다.   고고학자들은 이 바위들이 인근지역 산의 채석장에서 운송해 왔다는 것은 알았지만 사원까지 어떻게 운송했는지는 여전히 의문으로 남았었다. 이전에는 운하를 통해 톤레 삽 호수까지 배로 옮겨온 뒤 노를 저어 또 다른 하천을 거슬러 올라가 사원으로 운송했을 것으로 추정해 왔다.   우치다와 동료 연구원들은 이것이 사실인지를 확인하기 위해 쿨렌 산 아래 쪽 제방을 따라 위치한 50개의 채석장 유적지를 조사했다. 또한 이 지역의 위성 영상 분석을 통해 채석장과 사원을 연결하는 수백 개의 운하 길 네트워크를 발견했다. [BestNocut_R]   그 결과 채석장과 사원 사이의 거리는 강을 이용했을 때 90km인 반면 운하는 37km에 불과했다.   운하의 연결망은 고대 건축가들이 운송 거리를 줄이기 위해 지름길을 선택한 것이다. 복잡하고 거대한 앙코르와트를 불과 수십 년 사이에 건설할 수 있었던 비결은 바로 이 운하였던 것이다.  <CBS 감일근 기자>

 

Angkor Wat: History of Ancient Temple

Built between roughly A.D. 1113 and 1150, and encompassing an area of about 500 acres (200 hectares), Angkor Wat is one of the largest religious monuments ever constructed. Its name means “temple city.”   Originally built as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, it was converted into a Buddhist temple in the 14th century, and statues of Buddha were added to its already rich artwork.   Its 213-foot-tall (65 meters) central tower is surrounded by four smaller towers and a series of enclosure walls, a layout that recreates the image of Mount Meru, a legendary place in Hindu mythology that is said to lie beyond the Himalayas and be the home of the gods.   Within the largest city in the world The city where the temple was built, Angkor, is located in modern-day Cambodia and was once the capital of the Khmer Empire. This city contains hundreds of temples. The population may have been over 1 million people. It was easily the largest city in the world until the Industrial Revolution.   Recent research using airborne laser scanning (lidar) has shown that Angkor contains an urban core that could have held 500,000 people and a vast hinterland that could have held many more inhabitants. Researchers have also identified a ‘lost’ city called Mahendraparvata, which is located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) north of Angkor Wat.    A moat, tower and hidden paintings Angkor Wat itself is surrounded by a 650-foot-wide (200 m) moat that encompasses a perimeter of more than 3 miles (5 km). This moat is 13 feet deep (4 m) and would have helped stabilize the temple’s foundation, preventing groundwater from rising too high or falling too low.   Angkor Wat’s main entrance was to the west (a direction associated with Vishnu) across a stone causeway, with guardian lions marking the way. To the east of the temple was a second, more modest, entrance.    The heart of the temple was the central tower, entered by way of a steep staircase, a statue of Vishnu at top. This tower “was at once the symbolic center of the nation and the actual center where secular and sacred power joined forces,” writes researcher Eleanor Mannikka in the book "Angkor: Celestial Temples of the Khmer Empire" (Abbeville Press, 2002). “From that unparalleled space, Vishnu and the king ruled over the Khmer people.”   Hidden paintings have recently been discovered in the central tower. One chamber in the tower has a scene showing a traditional Khmer musical ensemble known as the pinpeat, which is made up of different gongs, xylophones, wind instruments and other percussion instruments. In the same chamber, there's also an intricate scene featuring people riding horses between two structures, which might be temples. These two paintings are among 200 that have been recently been discovered in Angkor Wat.    Vishnu and the king The builder of Angkor Wat was a king named Suryavarman II. A usurper, he came to power in his teenage years by killing his great uncle, Dharanindravarman I, while he was riding an elephant. An inscription says that Suryavarman killed the man “as Garuda [a mythical bird] on a mountain ledge would kill a serpent.”   Suryavarman’s bloodlust would continue into his rule; he launched attacks into Vietnam in an effort to gain control over the territory. He also made peaceful diplomatic advances, re-opening relations which China.   He venerated the god Vishnu, a deity often depicted as a protector, and installed a statue of the god in Angkor Wat’s central tower. This devotion can also be seen in one of the most remarkable reliefs at Angkor Wat, located in the southeast of the temple. The relief shows a chapter in the Hindu story of creation known as the “churning of the sea of milk.”   As archaeologist Michael Coe writes, the relief “describes how the devas (gods) and the asuras (demons) churned the ocean under the aegis of Vishnu, to produce the divine elixir of immortality,” ("Angkor and the Khmer Civilization," Thames & Hudson, 2003). Scholars consider this relief to be one of the finest art pieces at Angkor Wat.   Suryavarman’s devotion to Vishnu is also shown in the posthumous name he was given, “Paramavishnuloka” which, according to researcher Hélène Legendre-De Koninck, means “he who is in the supreme abode of Vishnu.” ("Angkor Wat: A Royal Temple," VDG, 2001).   Construction techniques Building Angkor Wat was an enormous undertaking that involved quarrying, careful artistic work and lots of digging. To create the moat around the temple, 1.5 million cubic meters (53 million cubic feet) of sand and silt were moved, a task that would have required thousands of people working at one time.   The buildings at Angkor Wat posed their own challenges. To support them a tough material called laterite was used, which in turn was encased with softer sandstone that was used for carving the reliefs. These sandstone blocks were quarried at the Kulen Hills, about 18 miles (30 km) to the north. Recent research proves that they were transported to the site by a series of canals.   Beneath the central tower was a shaft that leads to a chamber where, in 1934, archaeologists found “two pieces of crystal and two gold leaves far beneath where the Vishnu statue must have been,” Coe writes, adding that deposits like these “spiritually ‘energized’ a temple, much as a battery will provide power to a portable electronic device.”   Purpose Although Angkor Wat is dedicated to Vishnu, the full purpose of the temple is still debated. One question is whether the ashes of Suryavarman II were interred in the monument, perhaps in the same chamber where the deposits were found. If that were the case it would give the temple a funerary meaning.   Eleanor Mannikka has noted that Angkor Wat is located at 13.41 degrees north in latitude and that the north-south axis of the central tower’s chamber is 13.43 cubits long. This, Mannikka believes, is not an accident. “In the central sanctuary, Vishnu is not only placed at the latitude of Angkor Wat, he is also placed along the axis of the earth,” she writes, pointing out that the Khmer knew the Earth was round.   In addition, in her writing, Mannikka notes a dozen lunar alignments with Angkor Wat’s towers, suggesting that it served an important astronomical role. “During the long and clear Cambodian nights, when the stars filled every inch of the black sky, the astronomer-priests stood on the long western causeway ...  and recorded the movements of the moon against the towers in the top two galleries of the temple.”  livescience

 

 

 

 

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